Q1. State whether the following statements are True or False. Give reason in support of your answer:

• (a)) Equality of slopes is the basic requirement for the parallel-line assay. (80 words)
• (b)) The quantal assay is applicable when the response is the percentage of subjects who responded to a treatment at different doses. (80 words)
• (c)) A complete life table is more elaborate than an abridged life table. (80 words)
• (d)) Primary prevention includes strategies designed to reduce the incidence of disease. (80 words)
• (e)) In Phase II of a clinical trial, we determine a safe dosage range and identify potential side effects. (80 words)

Q2. In a quantal assay, the number of cured cases for five doses of a standard and four doses of a new test drug are recorded in the following table: di ni ri 3 28 4 6 30 8 Standard 9 24 12 12 32 22 15 27 21 2 31 3 4 25 9 Test 6 30 16 8 25 16 Determine the median effective dose for the standard and test drugs using regression model.

Q3. Answer the following:

• (a)) Write a short note on the Sampling Registration method of data collection for vital statistics. (800 words)
• (b)) The number of births occurring in a country in 2015 classified according to age of mother, together with the female population in each group of the childbearing period, is given as follows: Age Female Population (in '000) Number of Births to the mother in the age group 15-19 84.79 2,343 20 - 24 70.01 14,541 25-29 72.66 16,736 30-34 75.92 10,218 35-39 75.10 5,134 40-44 71.62 1,422 45-49 66.66 93 Total 516.66 50,487 The total population of the country in 2015 was 2285.8 thousand. Using the given information, determine the following: (i) CBR, (ii) GFR, (iii) ASFR for the country in 1958. (800 words)

Q4. Answer the following:

• (a)) In a hypothetical study, 10 patients with kidney disease were randomly assigned to receive two dialysis methods (A and B). 5 patients received Dialysis-A followed by Dialysis-B, and the remaining 5 received Dialysis-B followed by Dialysis-A. The kidney function scores of these patients are given as: Group-I (AB Sequence) Patient No. 1 2 3 4 5 Dialysis-A 69 73 50 69 76 Dialysis-B 68 79 68 72 85 Group-II (BA Sequence) Patient No. 6 7 8 9 10 Dialysis-B 57 70 75 70 69 Dialysis-A 51 71 53 62 64 Test whether the mean score for dialysis-A is different from the mean score of dialysis-B, assuming no carry-over effect. (400 words)
• (b)) Describe descriptive and analytic epidemiology. (400 words)

Q5. Answer the following:

• (a)) Explain any five types of biases in clinical trials. (280 words)
• (b)) Differentiate between direct and indirect bioassays. (400 words)
• (c)) Explain the steps taken for minimising bias in a research setup of a clinical trial. (240 words)
• (d)) Define experimental and non-experimental studies. (280 words)