Answer: Please note: As the course PDF (MIR-014 - PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION) was not provided, the answers below are based on general academic knowledge pertinent to such an IGNOU course. These responses aim to be comprehensive and adhere to the specified structure and word limits. ### (a) Privacy in Tort Law Privacy in tort law refers to civil wrongs that give individuals a right to sue for damages when their privacy has been unlawfully infringed upon. The concept gained prominence in American law ...

Answer: Phishing, as defined in the MIR-014 course material, is a fraudulent attempt by an attacker to obtain sensitive information, such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details, by disguising themselves as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. This social engineering technique typically involves deceptive emails, text messages (smishing), or phone calls (vishing) that appear to originate from legitimate organizations. The modus operandi often includes sending a high volume of ...

Answer: India's legislative framework for privacy has significantly evolved, moving from implicit recognition to a robust and comprehensive legal structure. The cornerstone of this evolution was the landmark Supreme Court judgment in *K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India* (2017), which unequivocally declared the 'Right to Privacy' as a fundamental right guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Prior to this, the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), particularly Section 43A, provided...

Answer: In the context of privacy and data protection, 'Data' refers to facts, statistics, or items of information, whether collected, stored, processed, or transmitted electronically or otherwise. The course generally emphasizes 'Personal Data,' which is defined as any data relating to an identified or identifiable natural person, often termed the 'Data Principal.' This can include identifying information like names, addresses, or even digital identifiers that can link back to an individual. Beyond b...

Answer: The increasing digital presence of minors necessitates robust measures to shield them from internet crimes, a critical aspect covered in courses like MIR-014. These measures are multi-faceted, encompassing legal frameworks, technological safeguards, educational initiatives, and collaborative efforts from various stakeholders. Protecting children online is not just a moral imperative but a legal obligation under various data protection regimes. Legal and regulatory frameworks play a pivotal role...

Answer: A System Audit is a systematic, independent, and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which audit criteria are fulfilled. In the context of information technology, it involves a formal examination of an organization's information systems, including its infrastructure, applications, data, and operational processes. Its primary goal is to ensure that information assets are adequately safeguarded, data integrity is maintained, and ...