Q1. Answer the following sub-parts.
- (a)) What are monosaccharides? Explain any two properties of monosaccharides. (200 words)
- (b)i) Explain the following terms: Saponification (100 words)
- (b)ii) Explain the following terms: Rancidity (100 words)
- Monosaccharides are simple, non-hydrolyzable carbohydrate units like glucose or fructose.
- Monosaccharides are highly water-soluble due to numerous hydroxyl groups forming hydrogen bonds.
- Most monosaccharides are reducing sugars, possessing a free carbonyl group for electron donation.
- Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acid salts (soap).
Answer: (a) Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, serving as fundamental energy sources and building blocks for larger carbohydrate molecules. They are single polyhydroxy aldehyde (aldose) or polyhydroxy ketone (ketose) units, typically comprising three to seven carbon atoms. Crucially, monosaccharides cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrate compounds. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are common examples, vital for cellular metabolism. Two key properties include: 1. **Solubil...